Immigration is once again at the forefront of policy debate in many European countries. Public opinion
concerns are caused not only by the recent refugees crisis but also by the increases in intra-EU mobility
and in the inflows of economic migrants in the Union. Using data from the latest editions of the European
Labour Force Survey, the Migration Observatory Annual Reports provide fresh and updated evidence on the
economic integration of immigrants in Europe, focusing especially on their labour market outcomes.
This is the 10th edition of the Migration Observatory annual report on immigrant integration in Europe.
The report draws on data from the latest edition of the European Labour Force Survey (2024) and is structured in two parts. In the first, we provide a concise, easily accessible, and up-to-date overview of the size, characteristics, and relative economic performance of the foreign-born population across European countries. In the second part, we analyse how such aspects have evolved over the last ten years, comparing size, demographic profile, educational attainment, and labour market outcomes of immigrants in 2015 and in 2024.
The decade 2015-2024 was characterised by structural upgrading and employment expansion across Europe. Migrants participated in this transformation and improved in absolute terms across several dimensions. However, relative gaps with natives narrowed only marginally. The stability of baseline gaps masks substantial internal shifts in origin composition, duration of stay, and cross-country dynamics. Economic integration progressed, but convergence remained partial and uneven.
Download the 10th Migration Observatory Report
Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods of the University of Milan. He is also a Research Fellow CEPR, at CReAM, the Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration at University College London (UCL), at Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano (LdA) and at IZA. He received his PhD in Economics from University College London in 2010. His main research interests are in Applied Microeconomics, Labour Economics and the Economics of Migration. His work has been published in journals such as the Review of Economic Studies, the Journal of the European Economic Association, the Economic Journal, the Journal of Economic Geography, and Economic Policy among others.
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Anissa Bouchlaghem is currently enrolled in the Master’s degree in Economics, Development and Innovation at the University of Pavia. She worked as a research assistant for the production of the 10th Report of the Migration Observatory of Centro Studi Luca d’Agliano, where she contributed to assessing the state of the art on migrant integration in Europe by comparing EU-LFS data from 2015 to 2024. Her research interests include migration, inequality, and development economics.
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