Immigration is once again at the forefront of policy debate in many European countries. Public opinion
concerns are caused not only by the recent refugees crisis but also by the increases in intra-EU mobility
and in the inflows of economic migrants in the Union. Using data from the latest editions of the European
Labour Force Survey, the Migration Observatory Annual Reports provide fresh and updated evidence on the
economic integration of immigrants in Europe, focusing especially on their labour market outcomes.
This is the sixth edition of the Migration Observatory annual report on immigrant integration in Europe. This year, we focus specifically on the characteristics and labour market outcomes of immigrant women in Europe.
The report is articulated in two parts. In the first part, we use data from the latest edition of the European Labour Force Survey (2020) to provide a concise, easily accessible and up-to-date source of reference regarding the size, characteristics, and relative economic performance of immigrants in EU countries.
In the second part, instead, we focus on the gendered dimensions of immigrant economic integration. First, we describe the main characteristics of immigrant women in Europe and contrast them with those of immigrant men; then, we analyse their differential labour market outcomes relative to both immigrant men and native women. We show that women face considerable disadvantages in the labour market. They have a lower employment probability, are employed in less economically rewarding occupations, and earn lower wages than men even when they perform comparable jobs. Such gender inequality is exacerbated for immigrant women, who face labour market penalties over and above those faced by immigrant men.
Download the 6th Migration Observatory Report
Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods of the University of Milan. He is also a Research Fellow CEPR, at CReAM, the Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration at University College London (UCL), at Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano (LdA) and at IZA. He received his PhD in Economics from University College London in 2010. His main research interests are in Applied Microeconomics, Labour Economics and the Economics of Migration. His work has been published in journals such as the Review of Economic Studies, the Journal of the European Eocnomic Association, the Economic Journal, the Journal of Economic Geography, and Economic Policy among others.
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Irene Solmone is PhD student in Economics at Bocconi University. She has worked as a field coordinator and research assistant at University Milan Bicocca during the years 2022-2023, and as research assistant at the Migration Observatory of Centro Studi Luca d’Agliano and Collegio Carlo Alberto during the years 2021-2022. She has also worked as research assistant and podcast anchor for lavoce.info between 2020 and 2021. MSc in Economics at the Universities of Pavia and Hohenheim. BSc in Economics at the University of Rome Tor Vergata with a research thesis with which she contributed to the reconstruction of income distribution in post-unification Italy. Her research interests include inequality, Development Economics, and migration.
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